翡翠基础知识?
翡翠,自古以来就以它深邃晶莹的质地,以及蕴涵着东方文化的灵秀之气,成为公认的“玉中之王”,它是最昂贵的宝石品种,具有很高的经济价值、收藏价值和观赏价值。
翡翠的基本知识
翡翠在国际上(矿物名称)称为硬玉,是一种以硬玉为主的矿物集合体,属多色玉石,红色的翡,绿色的翠。
翡翠的由来
翡翠名称来源有几种说法,一说来自鸟名,这种鸟羽毛非常鲜艳,雄性的羽毛呈红色,名翡鸟(又名赤羽鸟),雌性羽毛呈绿色,名翠鸟(又名绿羽鸟),合称翡翠,所以,行业内有翡为公、翠为母之说。明朝时,缅甸玉传入中国后,就冠以“翡翠”之名。另一说,古代“翠”专指新疆和田出产的绿玉,翡翠传入中国后,为了与和田绿玉区分,称其为“非翠”,后渐演变为“翡翠”。
(翡翠鸟胸针)
翡翠迄今约有300余年的历史,从唐朝就作为贡品进入中国内地(一般认为翡翠被运用于中国的玉雕业是在明朝)。由于过去翡翠主要由云南腾冲加工、运出,因此,翡翠过去也称为“云南玉”。至今也保持着去云南必购玉的习惯。
翡翠的定义
翡翠是一种以硬玉、钠铬辉石和绿辉石为主要组成成分,质地细腻、坚硬柔韧、色彩丰富、已达到玉石级工艺美术要求的天然矿物集合体。
自从300年前翡翠传入我国,翡翠就毫不留情地替代了古来名贵的白玉,把中国玉文化推向了一个更高层次。翡翠以其色泽——艳丽多彩、光泽油亮,质地——坚韧、均匀、细腻,优良的物理性能、独特的玉文化内涵,成为最具观赏价值、收藏价值和文化艺术价值、利润最高的宝玉石之一,被誉为“玉石之王”,深受亚洲人,尤其是华人的青睐。
不仅如此,它还有“佩之益人生灵,纯避邪气”的作用。多年来,人们一直把翡翠当成护身符佩戴。在中国,女性佩戴翡翠戒指、手镯,男性以玉佩为主。人们把翡翠和祖母绿宝石一起列为5月份的诞生石,是运气和幸福的象征。
翡翠的物质组成
一、翡翠的主要物质构成
翡翠属辉石类,其主要组成物为硅酸铝钠,宝石矿中一般将含量超过50%以上的硅酸铝钠视为翡翠,出产于低温高压下生成的变质岩层中。
传统上只把硬玉为主要矿物成分的集合体当作翡翠。近十年来,不断有以钠铬辉石、绿辉石和钠长石等为主要矿物成分的集合体出现,并以各种名称出现在翡翠市场上,其中钠铬辉石和绿辉石集合体与硬玉集合体具有相近的宝石特性。
二、翡翠的主要矿物
含量大于95%的矿物成分,包括硬玉(最主要)、钠铬辉石和绿辉石。
1、硬玉
硬玉是组成翡翠的主要矿物成分,翡翠中90%~95%以上矿物成分都是硬玉。成分较纯的硬玉为无色;但含Cr、Fe、Ni等微量元素时,显示为绿色,这些微量元素的存在使翡翠颜色丰富多彩。
2、钠铬辉石
钠铬辉石是欧阳秋眉(1983)在研究缅甸翡翠的过程中发现的,并作了系统的矿物学研究,从而改变了Deer等人认为它只是陨石成因的看法。
钠铬辉石普遍存在于翡翠中,并大量地存在于干青种或铁龙生等类型的翡翠中。特点是Cr致色,呈深绿色或孔雀绿色;不透明。
(铁龙生翡翠手镯)
3、绿辉石
由于绿辉石为Fe致色,绿色偏灰、偏暗。肉眼观察呈深绿色、蓝绿色,组成深绿色翡翠(墨玉)或形成翡翠中飘蓝花的部分。
翡翠品种:油青种、蓝水种、飘蓝花翡翠、墨玉。
三、翡翠的次要矿物
翡翠中不希望有的次要矿物(含量
1、角闪石类矿物
角闪石类是翡翠形成的后期产物,属含水的硅酸盐矿物。可构成翡翠中暗绿色或黑色部分,常呈斑晶片状出现,硬度较硬玉要软,行内称“癣”。
(翡翠中的角闪石)
2、钠长石
钠长石在翡翠中仅少量出现,出现较多则为“水沫子”——钠长石玉,是与缅甸翡翠伴生(共生)的一种玉,水沫子本身与翡翠一样美丽,其品质优良、外观美好,具有很大的观赏价值和升值空间。颜色:无色、白色,较为透明,为蜡状到亚玻璃状光泽,内含物常出现圆点状、棒状、棉花状的白色絮状石花;在翡翠中比较少见这种类型的石花。密度为2.66g/cm'左右,比翡翠低,同体积的玉石比翡翠轻1/3。
钠长石不属于翡翠的成分,但经常与翡翠伴生,成为仿翡翠赌石的“杀手”之一。
(钠长石玉)
四、翡翠的副矿物
翡翠中存在很少量的矿物,
(翡翠的副矿物)
五、翡翠的次生矿物
翡翠在表生作用下,由于外来物质沿翡翠表面或裂隙向内部渗透浸染而产生的矿物,矿物比较细小,但可以改变翡翠的颜色。
1、氧化铁质矿物:褐铁矿,导致翡翠产生红色或黄色翡色。
2、黏土矿物:绿泥石、蛇纹石、蒙脱石、伊利石。导致翡翠产生灰绿色、暗绿色的次生色。
翡翠的颜色
翡翠的颜色丰富多彩,也是翡翠的价值所在,以绿色为上品。翡翠的颜色大体上可分为5种:
翡翠的原生色是指组成翡翠的原生矿物所产生的颜色,是翡翠主要的颜色类型,也是翡翠成为名贵宝玉石品种的最主要因素。翡翠原生色的色调很多,主要有白色、绿色、紫色、墨绿色和黑色等。根据目前研究的成果,翡翠的颜色与其组成矿物的种类及其化学成分有关。透明到半透明的翠绿色翡翠与含铬硬玉有关,浅绿色翡翠与含少量Cr的硬玉有关,不透明的绿色翡翠与铬硬玉有关,紫色翡翠与含Mn硬玉有关,部分灰绿色翡翠与含绿辉石有关,翡翠中的黑色则多与角闪石有关。
翡翠的次生色是指翡翠在地表或近地表经受表生地质作用,使翡翠的组成矿物分解或半分解,并在各种大小的裂隙、矿物晶粒之间的微裂隙中充填氧化物、胶体物质、黏土矿物等而形成的颜色。主要的色彩有褐黄色、褐红色、灰绿色和灰黑色等。翡翠的次生色可分成氧化次生色和还原次生色两种类型。
氧化次生色主要成分是Fe的氧化物,形成的褐红色的翡翠,称为红翡,是充填在翡翠的裂隙及颗粒间隙中含有高价铁的化合物造成的。由于次生氧化作用是由外而内的,红翡分布在翡翠籽料的外层,由外皮向内形成红皮牛血雾一新鲜玉石的分带。
翡翠的颜色丰富多彩,正绿色为上品。其次为红色、蜜黄色、紫罗兰色等。优质的蓝色和油青色也深受人们的喜爱。每一类色彩又可细分为几种。色彩的微小差别都可极大地影响其价值。
一、翡翠常见颜色
1、绿(翠)色
绿(翠)色是翡翠的代表色,与宝石中祖母绿相媲美。翠色之美,是生命的含义,能给人最大的满足。绿色是生命和青春的象征,体现和平与安宁,同时代表钱财。
常见的绿色有宝石绿或祖母绿、苹果绿、秧苗绿或黄阳绿、葱芯绿、黄绿、蓝绿、豆青绿、菠菜绿、瓜皮绿、江水绿、蛤蟆绿、墨绿、灰绿等。
2、油青色
油青是底色偏灰,指颜色和底子。油青的种类很多,如蓝水、绿水、睛水和老油青。油是一种比较差的水光,体现在水头比较差的翡翠上,水头好的不显油性。油青色常和冰地相得益彰,这种手镯很受欢迎。
3、飘花
飘花是绿色、蓝绿色呈云片状分布于冰地或玻璃地翡翠中,是一个价格不菲的品种。一件做工得当的飘花翡翠,犹如中国水墨画。传统的飘花是指色蓝花,一只中档的纯正冰地飘蓝花手镯要10万元以上。
4、红色
红色象征着爱和热,代表福气、钱财。翡翠中红色常带褐色,正红者少。红色是翡翠的次生色,分布在裂隙及颗粒间隙中含有高价铁的化合物造成的。红色在饰品中起到画龙点睛的作用,与绿色在一起,其效果大有可观,价值不菲。在翡翠界中有“万翠易得,一翡难寻”的说法。
5、黄色
黄色象征着光辉灿烂,代表着权力和富贵。翡翠中黄色多为偏褐的黄色,如果与少许绿色相搭配,再施予巧雕,能得到意想不到的效果。
6、紫(春)色
紫色代表财气和喜庆,象征瑞福。所谓紫气东来,紫气冲天,象征着高贵和财富。紫色分成三种色调:粉紫、茄紫和蓝紫。紫色翡翠结晶较粗,种差,“十春九垮”,行内常将翡翠带紫称为春,再有其他颜色搭配称为春带彩。
7、白色类
翡翠的白色代表长寿,从油亮的奶白到透亮的水白色,层次多样,分为冰白和干白。冰白:透明—半透明,主要在玻璃种、冰种翡翠中出现,有冰清玉洁之感,是白色翡翠中的上品,起荧光(像充满水一样)。
干白:白色,不透明,颗粒粗,种差,为常见的中低档翡翠。
8、黑色
翡翠的黑色,实际上是较深的绿色,通过透光照射能看得出来,这种翡翠又叫墨玉。看上去是黑的,透光是绿色或蓝色。越黑越透乃上品。
9、三彩
在白地的翡翠上有两种颜色,一般为红、黄、绿、紫中的两者,行里称为福禄寿。有三种颜色者称为福禄寿喜。春带彩是福禄寿的一种。
翡翠的颜色不是孤立存在的,通常是几种颜色集中在一起,有主调,也有不同颜色,色彩搭配出不同效果。它要求有适当的翡翠质地相匹配,色彩与质地搭配和谐,能大大提高翡翠的观赏价值。
二、翡翠的颜色分布特征
翡翠的颜色分布特征又称为色形,翡翠的不同颜色有各自的分布特征,是认识翡翠的重要外观特征。翡翠中的颜色分布常见的形态和形状有丝状、带状、点状、斑状、团块状、片状(层状)等。
翡翠颜色分布特征是分布不均、伴有色根。在不同的体色上,能见到绿色丝絮、条纹或斑点(色根)。
色根是翡翠中的颜色分布不均匀的现象。色根是翡翠地子之外的绿色部分不均匀分布形成的。可以是各种形状,各种形态。一般来说色根的颜色可以与地子颜色有比较大的差异,也可以只是颜色深浅,或者颜色的形态,形状边界的变化。
色根通常具有一定的宽度和长度,与周边无色的部分的界线较为分明。
高档翡翠在阳光照射下,绿色相对均匀,但在强光下可见布满一个方向的色根;中低档翡翠,多在无色灰白色的底色上,见有绿色条纹或斑点。
翡翠的质地
一、翡翠的结构
玉石的结构是指组成矿物的颗粒大小、形态及相互关系。
翡翠是一种特殊的变质岩,是在一定温度压力条件下,经过变质结晶作用形成的。在其形成之后还遭受了不同程度的后期改造作用。变质结晶作用阶段主要形成一系列变晶结构。翡翠常见的结构有:纤维交织变晶结构、粒状变晶结构等。
纤维交织结构在地质学中又称为纤维变晶结构,纤维状的硬玉等矿物近乎定向排列或交织排列在一起。它是翡翠最常见的一种结构,形成了翡翠硬度高、韧性强等特点。透明度高,致密、细腻的高档翡翠多属此类。
一般来讲,矿物颗粒越粗、颗粒间结合越松散,则翡翠质地就越松散,透明度和光泽也差;相反,矿物颗粒越细、结合越紧密,则翡翠质地就越细腻致密,透明度好,光泽也强。纤维交织结构者韧性好,而粒状结构者韧性差。
翡翠的地子又称为底子,简称“地”或“底”,指的是翡翠除去绿色部分的基础部分,都称为地子,也就是底色的意思,是翡翠中除去重要色彩以外的部分的称呼。
二、翡翠质地的划分
翡翠的质地是翡翠中矿物颗粒大小及相互组合关系,大体分底细、底粗和底脏。
底细:翡翠矿物颗粒细小、质地细腻,俗称“肉细”。
底粗:翡翠矿物颗粒细大、质地粗糙,俗称“肉粗”。
底脏:翡翠中存在有黑色和锈色杂质。
由于翡翠中硬玉矿物颗粒大小不同、结晶组合关系不同,形成不同的质地,反映到透明度和翡翠质地细腻度也各不相同。总的说来,质地坚实细润、洁净、透明度高、底色均匀漂亮、光泽强的翡翠是好品种;而那些结晶颗粒粗、不透明、底脏的品种质量较差。我们将翡翠的质地进行了如下划分。
1、玻璃地
完全透明,玻璃光泽。翡翠的透明度与宝石不同,好的玻璃地镯子看上去透明如水晶,无杂质,是翡翠中最好的质地。
2、冰地
冰地次于玻璃地,全物通透如冰,即通明中如有一层薄雾,似净水封冻、凝滞。棉质与结构清晰分明,细腻均匀,犹如冰块。
3、蛋清地
质地如同鸡蛋清,玻璃光泽。半透明,但比较纯正,无杂质。
4、糯化地
内部结构朦胧不可分辨,棉质化在结构内部,半透明,果冻状。
5、豆地
豆地是一种很常见的翡翠种类,它的特点是颗粒比较粗,透光性较差,它的种类很多,如豆青种、冰豆种、油豆种、猫豆种、细豆种等。有“十有九豆”之说。
6、油地
表面具油润的感觉,但颜色暗,偏灰。绿得不正,让人感觉闷闷的,不抢眼。
7、白底青
底色白或灰,但透光性差,基本不透明,粉底,但个别也有冰底,结构一般较粗,绿色相对比较鲜艳。
8、瓷地
细白地,半透明,细腻色白。如果光泽好,也是好的玉雕原料。
9、干白地
不透明,白色均匀;结构粗糙,肉眼颗粒比较粗。
翡翠中硬玉矿物结晶颗粒细,呈纤维交织结构的翡翠,质地好,显示玻璃地、冰地、蛋清地、糯化地。
结晶颗粒粗大,矿物界线分明,质地差,如豆地、干白地。
翡翠质地的好坏直接关系到翡翠品质的等级和价值,因此,正确认识翡翠的结构和质地,是人们对翡翠品质判断的重要一环。
翡翠的水头
翡翠的水头指翡翠的透明度和水润度,是翡翠透过可见光的能力,是评价翡翠的重要标准之一。
透明度是指光在物体中的透过能力,翡翠的透明度主要指翡翠的透光性,同时与光泽有一定关系。水润度则是指翡翠晶莹剔透、水灵之感的强弱。
透明度和水润度高的,行家称为水头长,反之,则称为水头短。对于其他质量指标相同或相近的翡翠,其透明度越好,质量品级也越高,价值也越高。而有的翡翠的绿色能满足正、浓、阳、匀,但光透不进去,水润度也极差,这样的翡翠充其量只能作为中等品。
翡翠的瑕疵类型
瑕疵是天然宝玉石中不可避免的,很多人在购买翡翠遇到瑕疵时,大多数商家误导纹和裂是天然形成的,不算瑕疵。实际上瑕疵对于翡翠的品质根据具体情况可能有很大影响。以下为翡翠的部分瑕疵类型:
一、石花
石花是翡翠中团块状的白色絮状物,有石花表示颗粒粗,“组成矿物”分布不均匀,种质不够细腻。由于形态不同,石花中又分石脑、石萝卜花与芦花等。结晶颗粒粗大,矿物界线分明,质地差,如豆地、干白地。
二、棉
棉是翡翠内部呈半透明、微透明的白色包裹体(絮状物),为雾状、点状、片状,对光线产生阻碍,影响翡翠的通透度和美观度。
三、杂色的色斑和色带
这是指除绿色以外的色斑和色带,也称脏色,如黄褐色、黑灰色,底色、俏色、多色组合不能看作脏色。
四、黑点、黑丝和黑块
黑点、黑丝和黑块是翡翠中呈点状、斑状、丝状和带状的黑色部分。黑点是铬铁矿被硬玉交代后的残余;黑丝和黑带是碱性角闪石和辉石造成的。
五、裂、纹
裂、纹指翡翠原生或开采、加工过程中产生的裂隙。已愈合裂隙,也称“石纹”,对外观会产生不同程度的影响。未愈合的裂隙称裂纹,对翡翠品质的影响较大。翡翠的裂纹往往呈面状、线状出现在翡翠中,在对光观察时比较容易看到,但有时手镯里的石纹、色线也容易被看成裂,购买者需要在实践中比较区分,在选购的时候也容易判断错误。而种越好的翡翠,内部越清楚,绺裂等现象也越明显。因此,手镯的裂在选购时虽然需要重视,但不要过于强调。断绺是手镯当中最忌讳的问题。断绺问题严重的手镯,敲击的声音也不清脆。而且在佩戴过程中,容易有断掉的现象。
翡翠的种
翡翠的种是对翡翠的综合性概括或划分,描述了翡翠内部矿物颗粒大小以及矿物颗粒之间结合的紧密程度的关系,也可以说是指翡翠的内部结构和构造。它综合翡翠质地、水头和颜色,是评价翡翠品质的重要标志。
翡翠的种根据侧重点不同,有的强调颜色,有的强调质地。在翡翠圈里,有“外行看色,内行看种,高档货重在看种”。衡量一块翡翠的价值最重要的是“一种、二色、三工艺”。种差一分,价差十倍。翡翠的种主要有:
1、玻璃种
玻璃种是指像玻璃一样透明的翡翠,结构细腻致密,纯净透明,杂质少。有白玻璃种和带色玻璃种,如老坑玻璃种的颜色均匀,是翡翠中的极品。
白玻璃种有时真像玻璃,通透度极好,荧光足。
2、冰种
可见内部交织纤维结构,微晶部分肉眼不可分辨,透明度好,棉质与结构清晰分明,细腻均匀,犹如冰块。
3、芙蓉种
呈清淡绿色,玉质细腻均匀,水头好,有时呈淡淡的粉色,属中高档品种。
4、糯化种
内部结构朦胧不可分辨,棉质化在结构内部。水头好的糯化种可达到冰种的水平,为了区别普通的糯化种,这样的糯化种也称为冰种化底。
5、金丝种
绿色不均匀,呈丝状断断续续,水头好,底也好,也是中高档品种。
6、豆种
一种很常见的翡翠种类,它的特点是颗粒比较粗,透光性较差,它的种类很多,如豆青种、冰豆种、油豆种、猫豆种、细豆种等。
7、花青种
绿色分布不均匀,呈脉状或斑点状,料干,属中低档品种。
8、油青种
分高档油青和低档油青,高档玉质细腻,透明度好,反之为低档,低档表面具有油润的感觉,但颜色暗,绿得不正,让人感觉闷闷的,不抢眼。
9、干青种
其特征是颜色黄绿、深绿至墨绿,带黑点,常有裂纹,不透明,显得很干。
10、紫罗兰
颜色为紫色,透明度从冰种到粉底都有。
翡翠的鉴定
翡翠美丽和高贵的基础是真,只有真正的翡翠,才能使人产生美好的感觉,才可能具有高贵的价值。因此,我们必须研究如何区分翡翠与其相似品、如何判别翡翠赝品、如何判断翡翠是否经过处理等,以便让翡翠的美丽高贵在“真”的基础上发扬。
A货
未经充填和加色处理的天然翡翠玉件被称为A货。A货是指以天然翡翠原石为原料,在成品加工过程中只通过机械加工手段(物理方法),如切割、打磨、雕刻、抛光等制成的翡翠产品。
(翡翠观音吊坠)
翡翠A货不是指特别好看的翡翠,既有好的,也有差的,所谓差的是基本无色或者没有水头、很干的翡翠。A货翡翠因原料及成品没有一点人工作伪,货真价实,属于高档翡翠,具有最大的收藏价值和保值性、投资性。A货翡翠不但是物质财富,也是精神上的财富。
灯光下用肉眼观察A货翡翠,质地细腻、颜色柔和、石纹明显;轻微撞击,声音清脆悦耳;以手掂之有沉重感,明显区别于其他石质。由于矿藏和开采量的关系及人们需求量较大的特定条件,目前市场上很好的缅玉较少。特别是颜色翠绿、地子透亮的品种则少之又少。
一般如秧苗绿、菠菜绿、翡色或紫罗兰飘花的品种当为常见。而其他三类(B、C和D)都经过人工染色处理,其绿色显得不自然,呆滞、发邪、漂浮且无色根,日久天长会变色、褪色,无保值和收藏价值。
B货
翡翠B货是指在加工过程中对底灰黑而脏、水差的原料进行化学处理,去除杂质、杂色而制成的产品。如用酸性溶液浸泡,包括用浓盐酸加浓硝酸配制的王水等,或经过充填,包括充填高分子聚合物等处理的,称B货。
B货的矿物成分是天然翡翠的成分,颜色是天然的,但充填的胶老化后会影响颜色的明亮鲜艳程度,影响透明度、光泽等。
了解B货是鉴定翡翠的关键,了解翡翠B货的重点是要了解其制作过程及鉴定、辨别。早期的翡翠B货,表面常会有一层黄色的铁染物质,影响外观。通常的方法就是将翡翠浸泡在强酸中,经过一段时间,其表面的黄色即可去掉,这一过程叫“脱黄”。初期的B货经酸洗处理后,再洗干净,然后上蜡,粗看与正常翡翠没什么分别,但受到温度的影响时,所上的蜡就容易脱落,表面的裂隙很快会显露出来,所以初期的B货十分容易被检验出来。现在翡翠B货的制作技术得到了很大的改善和提高。为了在收藏中准确鉴定翡翠,有必要了解其制作过程。
首先要选种,不是任何种质都可以用来制作B货。选择强酸溶液,现在一般用盐酸,将需要处理的翡翠洗净放入浸泡,种质不同,所需要的时间也不同,一般需2~3个星期,由于强酸的侵蚀,翡翠原来紧密的结构会遭到破坏而成松散状。将经过酸处理的翡翠洗净,这时翡翠表面及内部已形成蜂巢状,结构变得十分松散,所以需要用粘结力极强的环氧树脂胶结起来。加热固结,将用环氧树脂胶结的翡翠用锡纸包住放在微波炉中加热,一方面使多余的树脂流出,同时加热后也会使环氧树脂固化。最后用力将肉眼能看到的凸出的环氧树脂部分切割掉,然后抛光。
鉴定B货时,可以发现经过漂色的翡翠,颜色一般显得较鲜艳,但不太自然,有时会使人感到带有黄气,具有树脂的光泽,天然翡翠呈现玻璃光泽,结构显得松散,有的晶体会被错开、移位。A货光线的穿透力较强,晶莹剔透,在苍蝇翅处反光很强;B货的光线穿透力较弱,比较模糊;就像玻璃和玻璃胶的感觉。种质差的过去看表面就可看出,但近年有很多新开发出来的白地青的料子种很差,做出来的东西表面有很明显的酸洗过的痕迹,但上红外光谱吸收仪则显示为A货,没有胶峰。
B货辨别要把握几个要点:
第一,B货初看颜色不错,仔细观察,颜色发呆、发邪,灯下观察,色彩透明度减弱。
第二,B货在两年内逐渐失去光泽,满身裂纹,变得很丑。这是由强酸对其原有品质的破坏引起的。翡翠经过强酸浸泡后,内部结构遭到一定的破坏,变得不那么牢固,所以要用环氧树脂处理,让环氧树脂渗入翡翠内部,干了以后起“加固”作用。由于环氧树脂干了以后呈无色透明状态,所以翡翠B货用环氧树脂“加固”以后仍然那么漂亮。但环氧树脂是有机化合物,时间长了会老化。这种翡翠由于原有的物理结构被破坏,在二、三年内会逐渐失去光泽,老化后颜色逐渐变黄,同时产生许多龟裂纹。这些裂纹对光照产生散射作用,影响了翡翠颜色的视觉效果。一般情况下,五年后裂纹开始起作用,绿色会“褪”去不少,时间越长裂纹越多,翡翠戒面的绿色,也会越来越少。
第三,密度下降,重量减轻。轻微撞击,声音发闷,失去了A货的清脆声。
第四,使用仪器观察。经处理过的硬玉的平均比重为3.29,低于翡翠B货的3.30~3.34。经傅立业变换红外线光谱仪进行分析后,发现在2.800cm-1至3.050cm-1之间出现透射率低谷,表明该硬玉含有树脂。使用Chelsea滤光镜观察时,颜色仍为黄绿色,但其他经过染色的绿硬玉则会变为褐色。
宝石鉴定师在使用Chelsea滤光镜时应小心,因其未必能够察觉部分经过染色的硬玉。现在人工处理翡翠的技术越来越高超了,要正确鉴定也相应变得困难。收藏者要多看实物,熟练掌握翡翠的各种特征,方能将之识破。
C货
C货的称呼是由Coloredjadeite(染色硬玉)的字头而来,即经加色处理的称C货,C货的矿物成分是天然翡翠的成分。
C货是经过物理和化学染色处理的中下等原料。C货的处理方法与B货大致相同,不同之处为:翡翠上可能无色或绿较浅淡或绿较散,又用人工方法加色,在加工过程中经过添加外来染料的方法加色(炮色),使原来无色、绿较浅淡或绿较散的翡翠改变颜色。
但经人工加入颜色的翡翠遇到较高的温度就会脱色,即使是没有外力作用,长久后C货的绿色也容易褪,其质地也和B货一样不能持久。翡翠虽可以染成各种颜色,但以染成绿色和紫色较普遍,尤其是绿色。不但裸石及玉器可以染色,而且切片及原石(原料)也可以染色。染色的过程包括加热及加高压两个步骤。加热必须小心谨慎徐徐加热,以促使翡翠的毛细孔张开,再以高压力使染色扩散渗入到整个翡翠表层。
相对于B货来说,C货是更次一等的翡翠,毕竟B货翡翠的颜色是原来固有的,而C货是用无色翡翠浸色而成。C货与B货的区别在于:B货只去脏增水而不人工上色,而C货有时既要去脏增水又要人工上色,有时底净水好的硬玉可直接上色。真正精细的染色品,外行人是没办法用肉眼辨识的。必须是行家以科学的方法检验,再加上专业知识才能鉴别。对染色做工粗糙品,可用肉眼观察其下列特征进行鉴定。
经过人工注色处理的C货辨伪要点如下:
用肉眼观察,颜色不正,发邪。灯下细看,颜色不是自然地存在于硬玉晶体的内部,而是充填在矿物的裂隙中,呈网状分布,没有色根。颜色的分布是由染色的主脉纹分出细脉染色纹,如同植物主根分出侧根而遍布全石。染色翡翠将失去光泽而呈“干”或“缺水”(不透明)状态。颜色偏蓝,不自然,即所谓邪色。颜色特别“整齐”像穿制服一样,千篇一律。
虽然染色翡翠多是单一色,但并不是说多色者就不会是染的,尤其手镯更有可能被染成绿色、紫色及红色的三色手镯即所谓的福、禄、寿镯。用强力褪字灵擦洗,表面颜色能够去掉或变为褐色。外观颜色暗、沉闷且偏蓝,因是由蓝色素污着染色。颜色仅存在表层,看起来浮浮的。
D货
D货严格来说不是翡翠,它是由类似于翡翠的其他石料或人工合成似翡翠的玻璃料制成。常见的类似翡翠石料有八三玉,是产于缅甸北部的长石和硬玉混生岩石,质地并不好,但经灌胶充填裂隙后,因酷似翡翠的形象而赢得市场,市场上的大量手镯是用八三玉制成的。
还有一些挂件也用八三玉制成,它半透明,干净的紫色、淡绿色非常美丽,与中档翡翠手镯的成色极为相似,但价格是中档翡翠的几分之一或几十分之一,这种D货翡翠只有装饰价值,没有收藏价值。八三玉没有浓艳绿色,市场上出现的浓艳色八三玉是人工染色制成的。
翡翠的估价
翡翠质量的综合评价
消费者在购买翡翠饰品,尤其是购买贵重的翡翠饰品前,有两大问题必须引起高度重视:第一,辨别真假,防止以假充真,以免吃亏上当。第二,应大体上能观察、衡量出欲购买饰品的质量档次,品级高低,价值如何。
当我们面对一件翡翠饰品时,通常可以从翡翠的颜色(色)、结构与构造(种)、透明度(水)、底(地张)、工艺(工)、完美度和重量大小七个方面,来综合衡量质量优劣及品级高低,从而大致估出其价值范围。这七个指标可称为衡量翡翠饰品价值的七个要素。七个要素的综合即为评估翡翠质量的综合标准。
1、颜色
简称“色”,是影响翡翠质量分级和商品价值最直观、最重要的因素。评价翡翠颜色的价值有五个要素,即色调、明度、饱和度、色比和色形,前三个要素在色彩学中被称为“颜色三要素”,后两个要素是考虑到翡翠价值评价的复杂必需性而增加的。
(1)色调:即颜色的种类,是色彩间相互区分的特征。在翡翠饰品中红为翡,绿为翠,紫为“?”。以翠贵,“?”次之,翡再次之,其他颜色的价值排列于这三类颜色之后。
(2)明度:指级色的明亮程度,也称“亮度”。颜色明度高为色阳(色亮),质量佳,颜色明度低为色阴(色暗),质量低。
(3)饱和度:指颜色的鲜艳程度,颜色的饱和度高为色浓(色深)、饱和度低为色淡(色浅)。饱和度必须适中,才有良好的视觉感受。
(4)色比:指在一件翡翠饰品中,有颜色部分的面积(或体积)与总面积(或总体积)的比值。色比值用百分数表示,有色部分越多,色比值越大,价值也越高。如果一件翡翠饰品中有几种颜色,则可估算出每种颜色的色比值,据此结合各相关因素作出评价。
(5)色形:即颜色在翡翠饰品中的形状,如丝状、条状、波纹状等。在翡翠玉件中,颜色的形状可谓千姿百态、美不胜收。好的底上有好的色调同时具有好的色形,会产生强烈的神秘感和巨大的艺术魅力,使翡翠的价值陡然上升,这种情况在玉雕摆件等饰品中并不少见。
2、结构与构造
结构与构造在传统的翡翠界简称“种”,种包含了两个既相互独立又相互影响的含义。
(1)矿物集合体的结构:翡翠晶粒的大小、形态特征和相互关系,以及翡翠矿物的内部解理等。
(2)矿物集合体的构造:翡翠晶体的形状,组合方式,疏密程度、微裂隙及石纹等。通常,翡翠的“种“好,则结构均匀细腻,粒度细,其组织构造变化小,抛光后其表面光滑程度佳、整块玉件透明度高,如老坑玻璃种翡翠。反之,翡翠的“种”差,则结构不均匀,粒度粗,其组织构造变化大,表面抛光性差,玉件的透明度降低,如马牙种、豆种翡翠等。
3、透明度
俗称“水”或“水头”。透明度的优劣,反映了一件翡翠饰品是否品莹、清澈、通透和润泽。透明度与翡翠的“种”、“色”及表面抛光程度有关。在“种”和抛光程度相同的情况下,颜色淡,则透明度高;颜色浓,则透明度降低。翡翠的透明度越好,其价值越高。在翡翠商业界,透明度是以阳光或手电简的光线在玉料中能穿透的深度来衡量的,如“二分水”指阳光在玉料中能透入的深度是二分,约为6mm。在实践中,珠宝科技工作者将翡翠的透明度划为透明、亚透明、半透明、微透明和不透明五类,每类都对应着一些典型的翡翠品种。
4、底
俗称“地张”或“底子”。对于未接触过翡翠的人来说,底的概念也比较抽象,对“底”的传统解释是:在翡翠中除色以外的部分,底犹如一张纸,色就如同纸上作的画,色与底协调,方为上品。
5、工艺
简称“工”,包括翡翠饰品的设计构思、制作与雕刻工艺。显然,具有创意、经典高雅、做工精良的饰品方为上品。
6、完美度
主要指翡翠玉件的纯净程度和完好程度,如无杂质、无瑕疵、无绺裂、无缺陷,不含黑点、石花等。对于有关联要求的饰品,完美度还包括成双、对称、配套的满意程度,如耳钉、耳环就有成双、对称的要求,龙风玉牌就有配套、完整的问题。
7、重量大小
对于两块在色、种、水、底等方面相同或相近的翡翠,当然是重量大的价值高于重量轻的。
在以上各项指标中,色、种、水、工四项指标最重要,种、水决定着一块玉件是否有“灵气”,色则常常决定了玉件是否高贵,工则通过饰品所选择的题材、造型及制作水平,反映了设计者的思维和制作者的工艺。选择了某种题材和制作水平的饰品,也就展示了佩戴者在生活中的某种意识、愿望、审美情趣及价值观念等思维活动,因此“工”有着不能忽视的重要地位。只有既具备好的颜色,又具有“灵气”,同时有着好的表现内容和制作水平,才能显出翡翠饰品的高贵、典雅和隽永的内涵。
对于少数特殊的翡翠制品评价,除考虑上述七个要素外,还须考虑其特有的政治、人文背景及历史文物价值等因素。
翡翠绿色的分级评估
翡翠品质的好坏,绿色是重要条件之一,但因绿色十分丰富,变化多端,而且翡翠几乎包括了自然界所有给分级带来了许多困难。但只要利用好色彩学的原理,抓住绿色调,翡翠的分级就会迎刃而解。同时,为了正确地给翡翠估价,在掌握绿色程度的同时,还需要对色力、种份同时掌握。因为翡翠的商业价值主要体现在绿色上,评估时必须对绿色、色力、种份综合考虑。
1、绿的程度分四个等级
(1)超高级:均匀纯正绿色。绿色纯正、均匀,色与底融为一体,不浓不淡,绿色具有艳、润、亮、丽的特点。因其产量非常稀少,故价值极高。如祖母绿、翠绿、苹果绿、黄秧绿等。
(2)高级:根据正绿色的均匀程度,可以再细分为两个档次。
一档:较均匀正绿色。整体绿色深浅适中、均匀,但在整体绿色中,可见少量较浓的绿色条带、斑块、斑点等。总体绿色具有艳、润、亮、丽的特点。其产量比较稀少。
二档:不均匀正绿色。绿色不均匀,其内绿色浓淡分布,整体绿色浓淡适中,绿色具有艳、润、亮的特点。其产量比一档绿色的略多。白色或其他颜色的翡翠上,分布有散点状、条带状、斑块状或斑点状正绿的,评价时可视绿色的多少、大小、厚薄或绿色所占饰品体积百分比来决定升降等级。主要应依据绿色部分能否做标准戒面及其他饰品来作为评价的基本原则。
以上所述两级的高翠,其光谱、波长为530nm~510nm。通过反复观看熟悉后,肉眼也可较准确判断此光谱波长之内的翠绿色彩。若绿色稍浅淡或较浓时,可根据其他评价条件确定等级。
(3)中级:凡高翠呈色绿中偏蓝者属于这个这个级别,根据偏蓝程度的不同,又可分为两个档次。
一档:微偏蓝绿色(光谱波长在510nm~490nm之间)。包括浅淡正绿色、浓深正绿色、鲜艳红色、紫罗兰色、艳黄色。这些品种翡翠的颜色均匀,不浓不淡,具有润、亮、丽的特点。如果颜色不均匀,整体微偏蓝绿色、红色、紫罗兰色、艳黄色,可见色调深浅者,可根据等级评价的标准降低其级别。若微偏蓝绿色浅淡或较浓时,同样应降等级。
若白色或其他颜色的翡翠上,分布有散点状、条带状、斑块斑点状微偏蓝绿色的,评价时可视微偏蓝绿色的多少、大小、厚薄或微偏蓝绿色所占饰品体积百分比来升降等级。
若翡翠饰品上含正绿色调在内的四种以上色彩者,尤其是五种色彩的玉十分珍贵,评价时视绿色在四彩、五彩玉石中的多少来升降级别。
二档:蓝绿色(光谱波长在490nm~470nm之间)。包括淡红色、淡黄绿色、淡紫罗兰色、淡黄色、纯透白色、见绿油膏、纯透黑色翡翠等。色调均匀、不浓不淡,具有润、亮的特点。若色调分布不均匀、浓淡明显者,可根据等级评价条件降低其级别。若蓝绿色浅淡或较浓时,同样应降等级。
若白色或其他颜色的翡翠上,分布散点状、条带状、斑块斑点状蓝绿色的,可视蓝绿色的大小、多少、厚薄或蓝绿色所占饰品体积的百分比来升降等级。
(4)一般级:蓝、灰蓝色(光谱波长在470nm以下)。包括暗蓝色、油青等。色调均匀纯净,具有润的特点。这个级别的绿中显黑,绿中夹过多蓝色,绿中显灰。部分油青如属绿辉石玉,不属翡翠定级范畴。
2、色力分四个等级
(1)高级:摆下看、悬空看都浓艳。
(2)中级:摆下看浓艳,悬空看浅淡。
(3)一般级:摆下看不太浅淡,悬空看浅淡。
(4)低级:摆下看浅淡,悬空看更淡。
3、种份分四个等级
(1)高级:半透明以上,质地细、硬度高。
(2)中级:半透明质地坚实。
(3)一般级:接近半透明,质地一般,略有夹棉。
(4)低级:微透明,质地差,夹棉多。
如果将翡翠成品分为档次,根据货币数量应分为以10万元为单位的超高档、万元以上的高档、以千元为单位的中档、以百元为单位的一般档、以十元为单位的低档,一共五个档次。虽然市场情况变化很大,但其大体估价相差不大。下面简单罗列粗线条的投档方式:
(高绿蛋彩光身戒面)
(中高级色力的观音玉饰)
(1)超高档:色的纯正超高级,色力高级,种份高级。
(红翡绿翠玉镯:超高级)
(2)高档:三个方面都是高级或两个方面高级(含超高级),一方面中级。
(3)中档:一方面高级,两方面中级,或三个方面中级,或两方面高级,一方面一般。
(4)一般档:两方面中级,一方面一般,或一方面中级、两方面一般。
(5)低档:一方面中级,两方面一般,或三方面都一般。
种色均好的玉料不多,制作者多将其用于戒面。种好色次的玉料不少,多是手镯的取材范围。所以选择手镯,只要种好、底洁净,三色、五色、绿丝、绿片、蓝花都算好货色。
一个老山玉,皮壳之下到处显绿,应注意其真假,因为这样显绿的老山玉是极其稀少的。一件玉器通体显绿,呈现均匀的地毯式的绿色,也应该注意其真假,因为玉之真色是自然之色,不可能这样均匀刻板、毫无瑕疵,成语“白璧微瑕”就是这个意思。人工补充绿色,玉件似乎有了自然感,但由于化学药品、电压影响,透明度虽好,质地总会有变异。如果是成品,从补色面的背面悬空望去,补色部分的绿色有空泛发泡不正之感,与真玉之自然绿色不同。因为真色的范围是逐步扩散的。认准玉石绿色之真,才能否定人工假色之伪。
翡翠的收藏与投资
收藏、投资翡翠的步骤
投资的第一步是学习。要学习有关珠宝的知识特别是翡翠知识,从书本中学习,积极参与各种有关翡翠的讲座、研习班、珠宝展览会,学术交流会等各项有关珠宝的活动,多和宝玉石专家、学者、收藏家、业者、消费者等接触,学习培养自身对翡翠玉石的知识,并积累经验,奠定坚实的基础。
投资的第二步是收藏。翡翠等宝玉石的研究与投资,并非一朝一夕可成。对翡翠玉石的认知不足而急于投入,风险就会很大。最好的方法是在投入翡翠玉石行业前,先当一位快乐的收藏家。
在收藏时一定要记住以下儿点:
①进货成本不宜过高。一般来说从店面实价买货就会成本过高,最好能到珠宝玉石的批发市场或源头进货。
②买精不买多。收藏各类翡翠玉石的精品。宁买高价位的精品货,不买低价位的垃圾货。因为大路货做收藏投资回报率低,而在国际国内市场上,高品质的翡翠玉石涨价最为明显,所以收藏一定要以各种翡翠玉石的精品为主。
投资的第三步是市场开发。尽量多去认识一些人,如宝玉石专家学者、收藏家、业者、消费者等,让你周围的人知道你在研究及收藏翡翠玉石,让他们成为你的朋友,因为这些人极有可能是以后的供货源头或固定客户。
投资的第四步是诚信经营。当万事俱备,就到了你该上柜台从事营销的时候了。此时的你早已是行家,应当得心应手了。珠宝玉石这一行不同的人所处环境和条件不同、所学程度不同、营运方法不同,但最基本的一条是务必要诚信为本。因为宝玉石经营消费群体相对较小,从业人员较少,一旦欺诈被揭穿就会在业内诚信全无,很难立足,再想投资经营就不易起步翻身。
收藏、投资翡翠的步骤很多,但以上四步是最基本的功底,需要各类玩家努力打牢基础。
收藏、投资翡翠的类型
许多玩家初入门时,往往面对翡翠缤纷杂乱的交易市场显得无从下手,茫然失措。其实,揭开这个行当神秘的面纱,由简到繁,从小到大,由低到高,先成品后原石,应该是无数人走过的成功之路,值得初入门者借鉴。
一、首饰类
首饰类翡翠爱好者众多,初入门者可作为收藏投资的首选。因为首饰类玉器易于保藏,容易出手,回报率高,同时件小质优,没有赌性,风险最小,初具翡翠鉴赏常识和经验的人即可涉猎,又因为价格灵活,投资者可在数千元、数万元、数十万元至上百万元之间,根据自己经济实力自主选择,适合各种类型的投资者入门。
首饰类包括翡翠戒指、手镯、耳环、项链、胸花、各种挂件与花件。1985年有人在云南德宏州买一对高档翠绿翡翠手镯,大约要0.6万元~0.8万元;而在1995年香港拍卖会上同品质的手镯,最后成交价高达1200万港币。1997年11月,一条由28粒优质翠绿翡翠串成的珠链,在香港的拍卖价为7262万港币。据说这条精美翠链的原主人数年前购入时仅花数百万元。由此可见,投资高档翡翠首饰确实存在巨大的升值空间。但因投资失误导致血本无归的事例也不少。
二、雕件类
收藏投资此类翡翠雕件,同样具有风险性。雕件类翡翠有单色和多色(俏色、巧色)两大类,因玉料件大(与首饰类相比)、设计巧妙、做工精细、造型灵巧、寓意吉祥而广受欢迎,成为投资收藏者青睐的重点。但精美的雕件类翡翠相对投入较大,周转时间也长一些。收藏投资者不光要有独到的眼光,更要具备耐心和毅力。
三、原石类
选购翡翠原石又称“赌石”,这是一项充满神奇和刺激的商贸交易活动。它是收藏投资者具备丰富的知识、经验、人脉、资金、勇气之后,才能涉猎的高级投资行为。它所以称为“赌石”,是因为有赌的成分在内。
一块貌不惊人的翡翠原石往往要投入数十万或数百万元才能购得,这块“赌石”如果是优质满绿,购买者可能会一夜之间变成腰缠万贯的富翁;如果是一块劣质翡翠,眨眼间就会变成穷困潦倒的贫汉。因此,投资翡翠原石必须要有丰富的实践经验、深厚的宝玉石鉴赏知识和雄厚的经济实力。但是,有些人往往被暴富的光环所迷惑,他们靠东借西贷去“赌石”,其结果是胜者极少,败者如群蛾扑灯,蹈火者众,留下无数沉痛的教训。
总之,投资翡翠时要谨慎理性,循序渐进。投资之前一定要博采众议,剑胆琴心,三思而后行,决不能有一下子抱个金娃娃的非分之想。
收藏、投资翡翠的注意事项
一、购买翡翠应具备的常识
第一,不要轻信售玉人的花言巧语。有些玉商为了掩饰其文化水平低下或基础知识匮乏,往往摆出一副内行的架势,比如对翡翠成因、产地、性质、个别染色皮的判别等侃侃而谈。由于一些玉器知识、指标目前国际上尚无成熟的标准,他们敢在顾客面前说教,首先能占领心理优势,然后以“不挣钱”为诱饵,从而实现其获取高额利润的目的。顾客要有自信心,不要被玉商唬住。
第二,不要购买没有经过鉴定的翡翠。各地质检部门强制标准明文规定,所有作为商品销售的翡翠饰品,均需配有法定鉴定机构出具的鉴定证书或小牌等检测标识。在检测机构受理的被骗案例中,90%以上都没有相应的鉴定材料。因此购买翡翠时,要看一看该翡翠是否经过法定检测机构鉴定,是否出具了相应的鉴定证书或小牌,不要听信忽悠,以免上当受骗。或者可在购买翡翠之前与玉店老板协商,征得同意后,先将翡翠饰品送到法定检测机构鉴定,尔后再做交易。购买翡翠时,如果对翡翠饰品鉴定证书有不清楚之处,可拨打证书下方电话咨询,以确定真伪。但一些地方的个别检测机构不负责任,玉商出钱就出证书。所以除信鉴定证书外,还要到正规商家处买货,以加大保险系数。
第三,购买翡翠时向老板索要正规发票。如无发票,可索要售玉人收款的收据,注意请其加盖印章或老板签名。这样如有争议,可以作为“讨回公道”的有利证据。
第四,要买的翡翠一定要事先看仔细。看不清楚可拿到店门外的阳光下反复看,或用10倍放大镜仔细看。玉器的一些毛病、不足常会被商人用各种方法加以掩饰。这些毛病(如残缺、修复、黏合、绺裂等)在店内的白炽灯、日光灯下不一定能看清楚。粗心大意,交了钱才发现就会出现麻烦,甚至要吃大亏,那就后悔莫及。
第五,尽量少在旅游景点或流动摊点上购买翡翠。在旅游景点或流动摊点上购买玉器,一是容易买假货,而且不易挽回损失,二是要多花不少冤枉钱。一些旅游景点上的商店给导游回扣,这部分钱当然是羊毛出在羊身上。据说一些旅游商店和旅行社的导游联手,事先掌握来团的籍贯,商店老板就会冒充同乡忽悠游客,使人沉醉于乡情而不知不觉上当。
二、购买翡翠应具备的技巧
一般玉器交易,既无明码标价,又无统一价格。多数玉商对内行人客气,对外行人则漫天要价。不知就里者常多掏冤枉钱,或掏大钱买假货。因此,从事玉器交易,必须掌握一些基本技巧。
第一,看中某件东西不要急于买下,要沉得住气。可以随意先问其他货品的价位,使卖家误认为你对要买的货无兴趣。然后突然顺口问到相中货的货价,使玉商猝不及防,仓促间报出较实的价位。顾客就能以实价买到理想的玉件。
第二,看到好的东西要稳住情绪,不动声色。喜欢的东西一定不能当面说喜欢,应该反复查看玉器,尽量装作找毛病(不足)。甚至要挑出毛病(不足),把它贬低一通,否则价钱难以压下去。
第三,学会讨价还价,设法把价钱压到最低。玉器店、旅游区、地摊上的报价都有较大甚至很大的水分,若还价高了就很被动。有人戏称“对半带拐弯”还价,即卖家报1000元,还到400元~500元成交,即比较理想。但有些地方的玉商喊价可以高出成交价五倍、十倍甚至更高。所以还价必须事先了解行情,讲究技巧,不能机械套用。
第四,不要不懂装懂,乱吹一气,也不要盲目问些幼稚的话。这样商家一听即知道是外行,很容易把买玉人当做“菜牛”宰客。有时真不懂,反而不说或少说更好。要入翡翠这一行,应勤学好问,多看少买,了解掌握一些翡翠的基本常识。这样在寻玉、鉴玉的过程中,不知不觉中流露出自己并非很外行,商家便不敢胡乱吹嘘、漫天要价了。
三、购买翡翠应注意的事项
第一,不要一味参照书本上或文物店的玉器图形,与自己在市场上见到的玉器对号入座,难免错将仿品当真品。
第二,不要买东西认贱不认贵。不知在玉器收藏中精品最具收藏价值和升值潜力,以致买回一大堆玉器垃圾而浑然不知,还陶然自乐。
第三,不要稍通一点玉器知识即自以为是,趾高气扬地到玉器地摊、市场去捡漏子。狡猾的玉商最欢迎这种人,常常顺其口风溜须拍马,使收藏者掏了高价,买了假货和劣品还自以为是。
第四,不要盲目相信玉品上的款识和铭文,而不知在玉器、古玩、字画上落假款乃是作伪者最常用的伎俩。常见到有人在亲朋好友面前炫耀某大师的作品。殊不知一个玉石雕刻大师一年四季不休息,能亲手做出几件精品?这些玉器多为大师的徒弟或徒孙们的手艺,甚至根本就是高仿冒充大师的作品。
第五,不要片面理解拍卖图录,不知图录上的标价有伸缩性,玉器美观程度与实物也有差异。图录上的玉器多经过摄影师或后期制作美润,使其更加漂亮。按图索骥到市场找玉器,对照标价掏钱买玉器,其结果可想而知。
第六,不要错以为农民家藏的旧玉都绝对可靠,而不知道有些貌似忠厚的农民实则以贩假为生,拿有瑕疵的翡翠玉料染色作皮冒充原石A货,甚至冒充明、清、民国的旧玉以售其奸。
以上这些,可以给收藏、投资翡翠者提供借鉴,吸取他人的教训,少走或不走弯路。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠,自古以来就以它深邃晶莹的质地,以及蕴涵着东方文化的灵秀之气,成为公认的“玉中之王”,它是最昂贵的宝石品种,具有很高的经济价值、收藏价值和观赏价值。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaKsIoKMmucG6Ufs4HK5qjc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的基本知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn66Ag2kAKKMU6cvLM80utWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠在国际上(矿物名称)称为硬玉,是一种以硬玉为主的矿物集合体,属多色玉石,红色的翡,绿色的翠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUcY4caoQGGucyGed3DeANc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的由来","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO6KouWIEWgKAO48DdOJ8Uc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠名称来源有几种说法,","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一说","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"来自鸟名,这种鸟羽毛非常鲜艳,雄性的羽毛呈红色,名翡鸟(又名赤羽鸟),雌性羽毛呈绿色,名翠鸟(又名绿羽鸟),合称翡翠,所以,行业内有翡为公、翠为母之说。明朝时,缅甸玉传入中国后,就冠以“翡翠”之名。","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"另一说","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",古代“翠”专指新疆和田出产的绿玉,翡翠传入中国后,为了与和田绿玉区分,称其为“非翠”,后渐演变为“翡翠”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQOeiWGcCcoIOkbda8wJbfc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":853,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的由来","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5382e653a9ad4aef923665d60129100b","width":1280},"text":"","id":"doxcnGW4QMIqyuWSMKehbSGc2Af"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(翡翠鸟胸针)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnycoIE2qMgskEOM5Qagvjed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠迄今约有300余年的历史,从唐朝就作为贡品进入中国内地(一般认为翡翠被运用于中国的玉雕业是在明朝)。由于过去翡翠主要由云南腾冲加工、运出,因此,翡翠过去也称为“云南玉”。至今也保持着去云南必购玉的习惯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS86ekUWQE6eiSsmtgmeHOg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的定义","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng4oW2uo0eMaSYZVSFS2Mpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠是一种以硬玉、钠铬辉石和绿辉石为主要组成成分,质地细腻、坚硬柔韧、色彩丰富、已达到玉石级工艺美术要求的天然矿物集合体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY2004QA28O4wn1kM2tHxq5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自从300年前翡翠传入我国,翡翠就毫不留情地替代了古来名贵的白玉,把中国玉文化推向了一个更高层次。翡翠以其色泽——艳丽多彩、光泽油亮,质地——坚韧、均匀、细腻,优良的物理性能、独特的玉文化内涵,成为最具观赏价值、收藏价值和文化艺术价值、利润最高的宝玉石之一,被誉为“玉石之王”,深受亚洲人,尤其是华人的青睐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOWQ6qAQUEmOISqH6xANh0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不仅如此,它还有“佩之益人生灵,纯避邪气”的作用。多年来,人们一直把翡翠当成护身符佩戴。在中国,女性佩戴翡翠戒指、手镯,男性以玉佩为主。人们把翡翠和祖母绿宝石一起列为5月份的诞生石,是运气和幸福的象征。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsYcuY8mKWqMKmajeOiPbpf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK2A2E0gkgMq8IFZixmdyze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、翡翠的主要物质构成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsocw0YCYKWOkorbH883RAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠属辉石类,其主要组成物为硅酸铝钠,宝石矿中一般将含量超过50%以上的硅酸铝钠视为翡翠,出产于低温高压下生成的变质岩层中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8UWcwE8Yuee4KoTG0j2bUL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传统上只把硬玉为主要矿物成分的集合体当作翡翠。近十年来,不断有以钠铬辉石、绿辉石和钠长石等为主要矿物成分的集合体出现,并以各种名称出现在翡翠市场上,其中钠铬辉石和绿辉石集合体与硬玉集合体具有相近的宝石特性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsKaq6WMaCWSQIXjss6zRsc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":303,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b42b0a2ce822463f823170d8e36d86a5","width":895},"text":"","id":"doxcn8eAAC0ecS8IAkX0JDY0pPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、翡翠的主要矿物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI0gemCggmwWoeQ0AhcaLJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"含量大于95%的矿物成分,包括硬玉(最主要)、钠铬辉石和绿辉石。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmigSWs62kO4NryFrbfzCI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、硬玉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuqUUEeeQKkAsuyxrBQYDMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬玉是组成翡翠的主要矿物成分,翡翠中90%~95%以上矿物成分都是硬玉。成分较纯的硬玉为无色;但含Cr、Fe、Ni等微量元素时,显示为绿色,这些微量元素的存在使翡翠颜色丰富多彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUiSUGiU0yaYwcTuEuz8yAd"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":206,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3e56feef14a1408596ff99fddb4dd8f4","width":599},"text":"","id":"doxcnuUCcIM2Qmg0eaYTKzKuZHf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":199,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/417dcc9a261b496e8d7b7f824eaa0b71","width":602},"text":"","id":"doxcnKIAc8IeAwYQYa8eiQEonSd"}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8SaIg4GmM46cQvOKC3sGQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、钠铬辉石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8SaIg4GmM46cQvOKC3sGQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钠铬辉石是欧阳秋眉(1983)在研究缅甸翡翠的过程中发现的,并作了系统的矿物学研究,从而改变了Deer等人认为它只是陨石成因的看法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSM2ASuMy6I0yWolIImzqlg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钠铬辉石普遍存在于翡翠中,并大量地存在于干青种或铁龙生等类型的翡翠中。特点是Cr致色,呈深绿色或孔雀绿色;不透明。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK8Ksam6IS64W0e9PYFOc6c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":577,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/897d12fab84f43d9b8a1c87b516b6ed1","width":904},"text":"","id":"doxcnysWaeGCs22YimELqiVuAgb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(铁龙生翡翠手镯)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQemaQiOAIeKQ8vX4IQ7Bkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、绿辉石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngE4IKOWaYmqWCafYUhIOph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于绿辉石为Fe致色,绿色偏灰、偏暗。肉眼观察呈深绿色、蓝绿色,组成深绿色翡翠(墨玉)或形成翡翠中飘蓝花的部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn46Y8yS6QOye0wObSBQTaob"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠品种:油青种、蓝水种、飘蓝花翡翠、墨玉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2oeGQKwCugA4oPGUNrsaT0"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":284,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f91c5aa103ed413a8187aba7585dd3b9","width":879},"text":"","id":"doxcnOcEI0yCkecGo4snW0XIYjc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、翡翠的次要矿物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmGUwiCCMS80kA2ww3BUv5T"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠中不希望有的次要矿物(含量\u003c5%)有以下几种:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUkUQkGaG6imQ2FIoWN7kdg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、角闪石类矿物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEgwSUq28K2YaYPiAdrqRme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"角闪石类是翡翠形成的后期产物,属含水的硅酸盐矿物。可构成翡翠中暗绿色或黑色部分,常呈斑晶片状出现,硬度较硬玉要软,","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"行内称“癣”","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQEE82kEaKWSayOSDvXtb7e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":736,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a2f6e962e2f841b6bfe1467d77c87fb8","width":990},"text":"","id":"doxcneQG8eOUigyuGotObPgIfne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(翡翠中的角闪石)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4cOkgYIY0862bx6040Dxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、钠长石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS0S0CUGuWk0IuGXDE9beaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钠长石在翡翠中仅少量出现,出现较多则为“水沫子”——钠长石玉,是与缅甸翡翠伴生(共生)的一种玉,水沫子本身与翡翠一样美丽,其品质优良、外观美好,具有很大的观赏价值和升值空间。颜色:无色、白色,较为透明,为蜡状到亚玻璃状光泽,内含物常出现圆点状、棒状、棉花状的白色絮状石花;在翡翠中比较少见这种类型的石花。密度为2.66g/cm'左右,比翡翠低,同体积的玉石比翡翠轻1/3。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAMMGMWqOcwsWKMKVrZCc3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钠长石不属于翡翠的成分,但经常与翡翠伴生,成为仿翡翠赌石的“杀手”之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqSEUey0Mu84aUHVrivtOlc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1080,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7081ac2ba5ac41d095d6e04201e28407","width":1919},"text":"","id":"doxcn2Ici20QQq4OGiwLQJcINMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(钠长石玉)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnceQqU4Ou2CG6u21AziGq6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"四、翡翠的副矿物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsgSY80ICgQuGaak4o57fik"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠中存在很少量的矿物,\u003c1%,主要有铬铁矿和磁铁矿。铬铁矿主要提供铬(Cr),可导致产生翠绿色;磁铁矿主要提供铁(Fe),可导致产生黑色、灰绿色。产出与铬铁矿关系密切,在铬铁矿周围可形成绿色反应边结构。少量副矿物出现,会使翡翠中产生黑点,俗称“苍蝇屎”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2Y0S4couGaio8f13XGWrwg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":671,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a165f276d7d84626bb66f5aa1b1a3cda","width":903},"text":"","id":"doxcncUOQWGO6cSwiQDGeP3BBAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(翡翠的副矿物)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngW0aAgGcE6qye4bDgy2kcf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"五、翡翠的次生矿物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEi64isqoSIw6wR8KrVTiAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠在表生作用下,由于外来物质沿翡翠表面或裂隙向内部渗透浸染而产生的矿物,矿物比较细小,但可以改变翡翠的颜色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEOimIOEOWsm0OUyo2y37fc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、氧化铁质矿物:褐铁矿,导致翡翠产生红色或黄色翡色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkgciayCQcW4008VlclUUVh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":333,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f15c758032634a91b7cbf27e4650e88a","width":919},"text":"","id":"doxcnekEGO602QqIoiqIf62lUsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、黏土矿物:绿泥石、蛇纹石、蒙脱石、伊利石。导致翡翠产生灰绿色、暗绿色的次生色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4YkSesiUwgaaQF3FvPTGth"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的颜色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmMms4iwKSYgUOa4D9qof5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的颜色丰富多彩,也是翡翠的价值所在,以绿色为上品。翡翠的颜色大体上可分为5种:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnumUoIWIWewKObAqdOK08zH"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":253,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的颜色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d494a5967c8a4c3181bc9bf4dada737c","width":1113},"text":"","id":"doxcnQ4QWeq40GUimIGhVe0nUEj"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":246,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的颜色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4c15427ffbbb4c008d7ba10fb3a32954","width":1014},"text":"","id":"doxcnOUAO8SEIoMSA2NkEjAaVJf"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQACAgCWG0g8sYUVp7dzeYZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"翡翠的原生色","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"是指组成翡翠的原生矿物所产生的颜色,是翡翠主要的颜色类型,也是翡翠成为名贵宝玉石品种的最主要因素。翡翠原生色的色调很多,主要有白色、绿色、紫色、墨绿色和黑色等。根据目前研究的成果,翡翠的颜色与其组成矿物的种类及其化学成分有关。透明到半透明的翠绿色翡翠与含铬硬玉有关,浅绿色翡翠与含少量Cr的硬玉有关,不透明的绿色翡翠与铬硬玉有关,紫色翡翠与含Mn硬玉有关,部分灰绿色翡翠与含绿辉石有关,翡翠中的黑色则多与角闪石有关。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQACAgCWG0g8sYUVp7dzeYZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"翡翠的次生色","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"是指翡翠在地表或近地表经受表生地质作用,使翡翠的组成矿物分解或半分解,并在各种大小的裂隙、矿物晶粒之间的微裂隙中充填氧化物、胶体物质、黏土矿物等而形成的颜色。主要的色彩有褐黄色、褐红色、灰绿色和灰黑色等。翡翠的次生色可分成氧化次生色和还原次生色两种类型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsUMEK8w6Kw2QIxVeY8XTgg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"氧化次生色主要成分是Fe的氧化物,形成的褐红色的翡翠,称为红翡,是充填在翡翠的裂隙及颗粒间隙中含有高价铁的化合物造成的。由于次生氧化作用是由外而内的,红翡分布在翡翠籽料的外层,由外皮向内形成红皮牛血雾一新鲜玉石的分带。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4UU4CcIAOM6QCG9aAcICxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的颜色丰富多彩,","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"正绿色为上品。其次为红色、蜜黄色、紫罗兰色等。优质的蓝色和油青色也深受人们的喜爱。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"每一类色彩又可细分为几种。色彩的微小差别都可极大地影响其价值。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneS0sAGkUKoMEoH3HPOSztc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、翡翠常见颜色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnms4C4gsSEeiMaaIPrj5ord"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、绿(翠)色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnccmieIoiO2wGWwftppKcrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"绿(翠)色是翡翠的代表色,与宝石中祖母绿相媲美。翠色之美,是生命的含义,能给人最大的满足。绿色是生命和青春的象征,体现和平与安宁,同时代表钱财。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCmgsIKaI4g6wgdZcXpR6Sb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"常见的绿色有宝石绿或祖母绿、苹果绿、秧苗绿或黄阳绿、葱芯绿、黄绿、蓝绿、豆青绿、菠菜绿、瓜皮绿、江水绿、蛤蟆绿、墨绿、灰绿等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4W6SU2EOOIgUiYZrzykTCb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":398,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的颜色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6c1ab4bc900940729d4f04a914adbdd7","width":1191},"text":"","id":"doxcnMUqSy4AGgEEYWyCFua4THe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、油青色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneIMMAkkc0k2Kw3Pb5YirMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油青是底色偏灰,指颜色和底子。油青的种类很多,如蓝水、绿水、睛水和老油青。油是一种比较差的水光,体现在水头比较差的翡翠上,水头好的不显油性。油青色常和冰地相得益彰,这种手镯很受欢迎。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqS20icA8QWUkg1lHgSHLoh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":323,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的颜色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/80866d3fcf6f44f1bee9eebe7c6c54c7","width":1392},"text":"","id":"doxcnIG8QUsu4yaqyuuVlU3LGfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、飘花","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniw0Y8W6o6w2IVK3omCGBnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"飘花是绿色、蓝绿色呈云片状分布于冰地或玻璃地翡翠中,是一个价格不菲的品种。一件做工得当的飘花翡翠,犹如中国水墨画。传统的飘花是指色蓝花,一只中档的纯正冰地飘蓝花手镯要10万元以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkawAym2q8QEMkvPUwa9NH0"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的颜色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/36bf0f8fcd49404fb3a424ecd4899966","width":894},"text":"","id":"doxcnOwmo2EamQcWyicEcwChrsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、红色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq8WsCIkqWSSYqCIQx28zyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"红色象征着爱和热,代表福气、钱财。翡翠中红色常带褐色,正红者少。红色是翡翠的次生色,分布在裂隙及颗粒间隙中含有高价铁的化合物造成的。红色在饰品中起到画龙点睛的作用,与绿色在一起,其效果大有可观,价值不菲。在翡翠界中有“万翠易得,一翡难寻”的说法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnewgk0woASc4sEN2aAHvqsf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":347,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的颜色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e896fd441d3d43dd90ed564e788a0d48","width":1019},"text":"","id":"doxcnwQgEqyw0Am4q67RVLEesXw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、黄色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnggYYM68Q6KQUAVjbK0VHFs"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"黄色象征着光辉灿烂,代表着权力和富贵。翡翠中黄色多为偏褐的黄色,如果与少许绿色相搭配,再施予巧雕,能得到意想不到的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4qesyYacYOgEftqWsevSdE"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":435,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的颜色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a795f29e845e48c998d3d48dee7a0ded","width":1351},"text":"","id":"doxcn28gOe444mWyW0IEutfko8E"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"6、紫(春)色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6WUgkm0OC2m6QJJCPji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、俏色、多色组合不能看作脏色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnimQQwKi02ccGEFOkmjQO4j"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":540,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的瑕疵类型","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d99446d875134969a329b8b4d56e751f","width":760},"text":"","id":"doxcnwQQMaUwueGqUYnYB9LwSPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"四、黑点、黑丝和黑块","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEU8yKWOusGaMjpmlrV1xg7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"黑点、黑丝和黑块是翡翠中呈点状、斑状、丝状和带状的黑色部分。黑点是铬铁矿被硬玉交代后的残余;黑丝和黑带是碱性角闪石和辉石造成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnak8s2M4iwym4OMohcvf4uc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":768,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的瑕疵类型","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d7f265d42ebb4017a6aeafbc17e83413","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnQEKEcciaCUKK6CzFMqpMNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"五、裂、纹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuiGQGAAAOa4Gk9q02qdhSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"裂、纹指翡翠原生或开采、加工过程中产生的裂隙。已愈合裂隙,也称“石纹”,对外观会产生不同程度的影响。未愈合的裂隙称裂纹,对翡翠品质的影响较大。翡翠的裂纹往往呈面状、线状出现在翡翠中,在对光观察时比较容易看到,但有时手镯里的石纹、色线也容易被看成裂,购买者需要在实践中比较区分,在选购的时候也容易判断错误。而种越好的翡翠,内部越清楚,绺裂等现象也越明显。因此,手镯的裂在选购时虽然需要重视,但不要过于强调。断绺是手镯当中最忌讳的问题。断绺问题严重的手镯,敲击的声音也不清脆。而且在佩戴过程中,容易有断掉的现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmyg8cmqikoIO8NKXQwBl1d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":542,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的瑕疵类型","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d44fb0779af24ab2b2e7ee60e8dfe6d6","width":760},"text":"","id":"doxcnSAuWc0KeM4MWgRGuDgBMoh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWEuyk846cy6IABzVKdFuJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种是对翡翠的综合性概括或划分,描述了翡翠内部矿物颗粒大小以及矿物颗粒之间结合的紧密程度的关系,也可以说是指翡翠的内部结构和构造。它综合翡翠质地、水头和颜色,是评价翡翠品质的重要标志。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ4mysAoMQ6AOSkTzrsiR0w"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":313,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cf1259e5efd54105bb1f2e0eb7f61f09","width":1122},"text":"","id":"doxcnaO6wESskI20Uu2OkQnUTac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种根据侧重点不同,有的强调颜色,有的强调质地。在翡翠圈里,有“外行看色,内行看种,高档货重在看种”。衡量一块翡翠的价值最重要的是“一种、二色、三工艺”。种差一分,价差十倍。翡翠的种主要有:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqmQoQCeKSG0qELjwsrii7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、玻璃种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK8awCYoyWMM6k5Xi8jNyBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"玻璃种是指像玻璃一样透明的翡翠,结构细腻致密,纯净透明,杂质少。有白玻璃种和带色玻璃种,如老坑玻璃种的颜色均匀,是翡翠中的极品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOmOISSMWakEC6nQ7CtZBbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白玻璃种有时真像玻璃,通透度极好,荧光足。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWoQsEqQga8GaMn9e2kZeVe"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":513,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2ecbb7af72e3475b96e8b8138544850f","width":1166},"text":"","id":"doxcnu2gssGscei4Iq2j5JiOvaf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":454,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/33c87251a9ed4985a0539e051ca62018","width":1184},"text":"","id":"doxcn22Ko4OmeQEk8MnbqJdfJEc"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyacAsYiUoMksyi6R3NO4Ae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、冰种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyacAsYiUoMksyi6R3NO4Ae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可见内部交织纤维结构,微晶部分肉眼不可分辨,透明度好,棉质与结构清晰分明,细腻均匀,犹如冰块。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKeaaGoACK8EacrsBvF6Pxc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":451,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0cf7a5ddc2ea46bcaa79c3015084b056","width":1173},"text":"","id":"doxcnK8YemaCIq4GWgPLBPDmNVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、芙蓉种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsM4KuOa6yeQ4wp1mbD57wb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"呈清淡绿色,玉质细腻均匀,水头好,有时呈淡淡的粉色,属中高档品种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQemYKa000uY0cH2EXJrlIe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":509,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3c0ad2c992fb4dda8cfc8bccc7779458","width":828},"text":"","id":"doxcnMqoMgk8QEqUYasFozwIKxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、糯化种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwqK6cQykWy0ISosbSpc61f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"内部结构朦胧不可分辨,棉质化在结构内部。水头好的糯化种可达到冰种的水平,为了区别普通的糯化种,这样的糯化种也称为冰种化底。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAuqe82s2w8mSjr4aLxQrGY"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":507,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/91531a2c9503418ab3dc8b56b501abf4","width":1279},"text":"","id":"doxcnyGacq6SOgoS0eK75s1MJlg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、金丝种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGu8KSKo2OkY0iO6BHmO4Oe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"绿色不均匀,呈丝状断断续续,水头好,底也好,也是中高档品种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8gyu80GcGwGSAyD4zj0Ec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"6、豆种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Y88Ys448scwOs4DfJstHc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一种很常见的翡翠种类,它的特点是颗粒比较粗,透光性较差,它的种类很多,如豆青种、冰豆种、油豆种、猫豆种、细豆种等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuI2c8coKKM0GiEHQdNDZEb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"7、花青种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsyoUqGGm02Q8Uxe8HtzClf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"绿色分布不均匀,呈脉状或斑点状,料干,属中低档品种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngYka0weokUEqCWjt2VfS0b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":504,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/660bc295c1fc44a6959d6dcd8366212f","width":1191},"text":"","id":"doxcnimcC4ouQKwySmevGOUtIGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"8、油青种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnccqGSqGmUo0q8Pzekiz2Df"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分高档油青和低档油青,高档玉质细腻,透明度好,反之为低档,低档表面具有油润的感觉,但颜色暗,绿得不正,让人感觉闷闷的,不抢眼。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngo468QyKacE2qiDndWPKQL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"9、干青种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmKui0UKIs6cyozDGmiDKGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其特征是颜色黄绿、深绿至墨绿,带黑点,常有裂纹,不透明,显得很干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqww8icgU4soGwvX4GzIAub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"10、紫罗兰","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOMUYM0SyQSQMAhlTmZCZqh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色为紫色,透明度从冰种到粉底都有。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6q0c2QGyIA8m4EpyHeJbRb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":476,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ded168304bef4e76970f5ab05ad812e4","width":1243},"text":"","id":"doxcnwA20MMYKGIa0ClBR2dWlab"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的鉴定","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQg4CoWU60yu8kNtTO44sNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠美丽和高贵的基础是真,只有真正的翡翠,才能使人产生美好的感觉,才可能具有高贵的价值。因此,我们必须研究如何区分翡翠与其相似品、如何判别翡翠赝品、如何判断翡翠是否经过处理等,以便让翡翠的美丽高贵在“真”的基础上发扬。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKyqymA8qaig48oRe3yDjTI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"A货","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSIEm80Wwe2QWknELUWBeUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"未经充填和加色处理的天然翡翠玉件被称为A货。A货是指以天然翡翠原石为原料,在成品加工过程中只通过机械加工手段(物理方法),如切割、打磨、雕刻、抛光等制成的翡翠产品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns2Uc4G8quCGuMJqrZyhSdf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":485,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"A货","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/91fbe7f126a84b62a8755adc0b7e9b38","width":700},"text":"","id":"doxcnM6kkac8WSU6wkrtzMrQcQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(翡翠观音吊坠)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmKkaaCQGI6IQSmu3nj8ib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠A货不是指特别好看的翡翠,既有好的,也有差的,所谓差的是基本无色或者没有水头、很干的翡翠。A货翡翠因原料及成品没有一点人工作伪,货真价实,属于高档翡翠,具有最大的收藏价值和保值性、投资性。A货翡翠不但是物质财富,也是精神上的财富。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYioA0OC60OcgmArLXNn1Eb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":502,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"A货","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2daf9ccf7c5346239d46c2c1546792eb","width":716},"text":"","id":"doxcnkW8qkY6AE6KYWm0QqfjeLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"灯光下用肉眼观察A货翡翠,质地细腻、颜色柔和、石纹明显;轻微撞击,声音清脆悦耳;以手掂之有沉重感,明显区别于其他石质。由于矿藏和开采量的关系及人们需求量较大的特定条件,目前市场上很好的缅玉较少。特别是颜色翠绿、地子透亮的品种则少之又少。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmMMyGk8222mKYxi2CDenhc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般如秧苗绿、菠菜绿、翡色或紫罗兰飘花的品种当为常见。而其他三类(B、C和D)都经过人工染色处理,其绿色显得不自然,呆滞、发邪、漂浮且无色根,日久天长会变色、褪色,无保值和收藏价值。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmmm0oOAmKC8OATHmFacOYb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"B货","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwaq4eok2kA442nvCZfhRtd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠B货是指在加工过程中对底灰黑而脏、水差的原料进行化学处理,去除杂质、杂色而制成的产品。如用酸性溶液浸泡,包括用浓盐酸加浓硝酸配制的王水等,或经过充填,包括充填高分子聚合物等处理的,称B货。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4wSeGEqgOwWEkbOLhOp3Cb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"B货的矿物成分是天然翡翠的成分,颜色是天然的,但充填的胶老化后会影响颜色的明亮鲜艳程度,影响透明度、光泽等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0WquCsqqaWOQAvQjGjFJwf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":582,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"B货","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6602a57cd364d31bdb0ccb93e505cea","width":711},"text":"","id":"doxcnYaCKcigumIwUGA9WLG1PDg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"了解B货是鉴定翡翠的关键,了解翡翠B货的重点是要了解其制作过程及鉴定、辨别。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"早期的翡翠B货,表面常会有一层黄色的铁染物质,影响外观。通常的方法就是将翡翠浸泡在强酸中,经过一段时间,其表面的黄色即可去掉,这一过程叫“脱黄”。初期的B货经酸洗处理后,再洗干净,然后上蜡,粗看与正常翡翠没什么分别,但受到温度的影响时,所上的蜡就容易脱落,表面的裂隙很快会显露出来,所以初期的B货十分容易被检验出来。现在翡翠B货的制作技术得到了很大的改善和提高。为了在收藏中准确鉴定翡翠,有必要了解其制作过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngWQMMeEGqaMKY2TPKbFt8n"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先要选种,不是任何种质都可以用来制作B货。选择强酸溶液,现在一般用盐酸,将需要处理的翡翠洗净放入浸泡,种质不同,所需要的时间也不同,一般需2~3个星期,由于强酸的侵蚀,翡翠原来紧密的结构会遭到破坏而成松散状。将经过酸处理的翡翠洗净,这时翡翠表面及内部已形成蜂巢状,结构变得十分松散,所以需要用粘结力极强的环氧树脂胶结起来。加热固结,将用环氧树脂胶结的翡翠用锡纸包住放在微波炉中加热,一方面使多余的树脂流出,同时加热后也会使环氧树脂固化。最后用力将肉眼能看到的凸出的环氧树脂部分切割掉,然后抛光。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncSWOIkWggk2wwVp5IZv0rc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":737,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"B货","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8b26792b22284fb0afbf2c9c4dcddf39","width":718},"text":"","id":"doxcnoskoccuoA0sWW8GySRhXDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鉴定B货时,可以发现经过漂色的翡翠,颜色一般显得较鲜艳,但不太自然,有时会使人感到带有黄气,具有树脂的光泽,天然翡翠呈现玻璃光泽,结构显得松散,有的晶体会被错开、移位。A货光线的穿透力较强,晶莹剔透,在苍蝇翅处反光很强;B货的光线穿透力较弱,比较模糊;就像玻璃和玻璃胶的感觉。种质差的过去看表面就可看出,但近年有很多新开发出来的白地青的料子种很差,做出来的东西表面有很明显的酸洗过的痕迹,但上红外光谱吸收仪则显示为A货,没有胶峰。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwku0sY4aQCKm0UtRzMdwc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"B货辨别要把握几个要点:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI6eWie6KiSMCWwB6NwUtIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一,B货初看颜色不错,仔细观察,颜色发呆、发邪,灯下观察,色彩透明度减弱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw4Mmio4Iesi4kza3QtKe5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二,B货在两年内逐渐失去光泽,满身裂纹,变得很丑。这是由强酸对其原有品质的破坏引起的。翡翠经过强酸浸泡后,内部结构遭到一定的破坏,变得不那么牢固,所以要用环氧树脂处理,让环氧树脂渗入翡翠内部,干了以后起“加固”作用。由于环氧树脂干了以后呈无色透明状态,所以翡翠B货用环氧树脂“加固”以后仍然那么漂亮。但环氧树脂是有机化合物,时间长了会老化。这种翡翠由于原有的物理结构被破坏,在二、三年内会逐渐失去光泽,老化后颜色逐渐变黄,同时产生许多龟裂纹。这些裂纹对光照产生散射作用,影响了翡翠颜色的视觉效果。一般情况下,五年后裂纹开始起作用,绿色会“褪”去不少,时间越长裂纹越多,翡翠戒面的绿色,也会越来越少。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncyyAuCw6iG6swxGLb7EkWf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三,密度下降,重量减轻。轻微撞击,声音发闷,失去了A货的清脆声。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmsYUaCQKYIMYQD8ETwkzsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四,使用仪器观察。经处理过的硬玉的平均比重为3.29,低于翡翠B货的3.30~3.34。经傅立业变换红外线光谱仪进行分析后,发现在2.800cm-1至3.050cm-1之间出现透射率低谷,表明该硬玉含有树脂。使用Chelsea滤光镜观察时,颜色仍为黄绿色,但其他经过染色的绿硬玉则会变为褐色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkSOe8kmUwuogiKSWfdeZpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宝石鉴定师在使用Chelsea滤光镜时应小心,因其未必能够察觉部分经过染色的硬玉。现在人工处理翡翠的技术越来越高超了,要正确鉴定也相应变得困难。收藏者要多看实物,熟练掌握翡翠的各种特征,方能将之识破。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnasa8sQCYmKqKurmkobGOnb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"C货","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY8I2QQeayIsao1jFFMjtVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"C货的称呼是由Coloredjadeite(染色硬玉)的字头而来,即经加色处理的称C货,C货的矿物成分是天然翡翠的成分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0OwC4cesaKYiE7SGDLBjNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"C货是经过物理和化学染色处理的中下等原料。C货的处理方法与B货大致相同,不同之处为:翡翠上可能无色或绿较浅淡或绿较散,又用人工方法加色,在加工过程中经过添加外来染料的方法加色(炮色),使原来无色、绿较浅淡或绿较散的翡翠改变颜色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIymyAgw4OQK64rKPmti8Jf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"但经人工加入颜色的翡翠遇到较高的温度就会脱色,即使是没有外力作用,长久后C货的绿色也容易褪,其质地也和B货一样不能持久。翡翠虽可以染成各种颜色,但以染成绿色和紫色较普遍,尤其是绿色。不但裸石及玉器可以染色,而且切片及原石(原料)也可以染色。染色的过程包括加热及加高压两个步骤。加热必须小心谨慎徐徐加热,以促使翡翠的毛细孔张开,再以高压力使染色扩散渗入到整个翡翠表层。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAkm2YqcKqye4ExQbNFLVyg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":743,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"C货","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/16605083123e409c92227c0b8380aaaf","width":708},"text":"","id":"doxcnUmYM4qmYO6ASeHZNstxgtb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"相对于B货来说,C货是更次一等的翡翠,毕竟B货翡翠的颜色是原来固有的,而C货是用无色翡翠浸色而成。C货与B货的区别在于:B货只去脏增水而不人工上色,而C货有时既要去脏增水又要人工上色,有时底净水好的硬玉可直接上色。真正精细的染色品,外行人是没办法用肉眼辨识的。必须是行家以科学的方法检验,再加上专业知识才能鉴别。对染色做工粗糙品,可用肉眼观察其下列特征进行鉴定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY2Q8UIGAwcmoAP0Kr7cA2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"经过人工注色处理的C货辨伪要点如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn22IWOiw8QOCIgW7UNgcsEy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用肉眼观察,颜色不正,发邪。灯下细看,颜色不是自然地存在于硬玉晶体的内部,而是充填在矿物的裂隙中,呈网状分布,没有色根。颜色的分布是由染色的主脉纹分出细脉染色纹,如同植物主根分出侧根而遍布全石。染色翡翠将失去光泽而呈“干”或“缺水”(不透明)状态。颜色偏蓝,不自然,即所谓邪色。颜色特别“整齐”像穿制服一样,千篇一律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW4ySU62SCQo8QPoQUuaNae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然染色翡翠多是单一色,但并不是说多色者就不会是染的,尤其手镯更有可能被染成绿色、紫色及红色的三色手镯即所谓的福、禄、寿镯。用强力褪字灵擦洗,表面颜色能够去掉或变为褐色。外观颜色暗、沉闷且偏蓝,因是由蓝色素污着染色。颜色仅存在表层,看起来浮浮的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw8EaMmAskgMOy45p0Oiu71"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"D货","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn82AwK4KAsoQQCiVCNTS0Je"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"D货严格来说不是翡翠,它是由类似于翡翠的其他石料或人工合成似翡翠的玻璃料制成。常见的类似翡翠石料有八三玉,是产于缅甸北部的长石和硬玉混生岩石,质地并不好,但经灌胶充填裂隙后,因酷似翡翠的形象而赢得市场,市场上的大量手镯是用八三玉制成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCiCmkumu4OaSIHGuNV7rUh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"还有一些挂件也用八三玉制成,它半透明,干净的紫色、淡绿色非常美丽,与中档翡翠手镯的成色极为相似,但价格是中档翡翠的几分之一或几十分之一,这种D货翡翠只有装饰价值,没有收藏价值。八三玉没有浓艳绿色,市场上出现的浓艳色八三玉是人工染色制成的。","id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识,并积累经验,奠定坚实的基础。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu4QsW2EAyc8iUP4Bi1cSlc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"投资的第二步是收藏。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"翡翠等宝玉石的研究与投资,并非一朝一夕可成。对翡翠玉石的认知不足而急于投入,风险就会很大。最好的方法是在投入翡翠玉石行业前,先当一位快乐的收藏家。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnycQ6qAW8quwcKONWBCCcEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在收藏时一定要记住以下儿点:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCSeC0QmqCKGU1HXeFbLGtF"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①进货成本不宜过高。一般来说从店面实价买货就会成本过高,最好能到珠宝玉石的批发市场或源头进货。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqS8CaCO40mWGk10gvEs4dc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②买精不买多。收藏各类翡翠玉石的精品。宁买高价位的精品货,不买低价位的垃圾货。因为大路货做收藏投资回报率低,而在国际国内市场上,高品质的翡翠玉石涨价最为明显,所以收藏一定要以各种翡翠玉石的精品为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAwMKOYyQICEU4LcZNH9MMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"投资的第三步是市场开发。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"尽量多去认识一些人,如宝玉石专家学者、收藏家、业者、消费者等,让你周围的人知道你在研究及收藏翡翠玉石,让他们成为你的朋友,因为这些人极有可能是以后的供货源头或固定客户。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE4YK2we8EA02u6wHHMpOGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"投资的第四步是诚信经营。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"当万事俱备,就到了你该上柜台从事营销的时候了。此时的你早已是行家,应当得心应手了。珠宝玉石这一行不同的人所处环境和条件不同、所学程度不同、营运方法不同,但最基本的一条是务必要诚信为本。因为宝玉石经营消费群体相对较小,从业人员较少,一旦欺诈被揭穿就会在业内诚信全无,很难立足,再想投资经营就不易起步翻身。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEYOEOK44oQmIcZTGk04Voc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的步骤很多,但以上四步是最基本的功底,需要各类玩家努力打牢基础。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA0mS4oEeewKwy6XwJ8IaMe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的类型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqk4osQye6QeAYTv8wuNlkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"许多玩家初入门时,往往面对翡翠缤纷杂乱的交易市场显得无从下手,茫然失措。其实,揭开这个行当神秘的面纱,由简到繁,从小到大,由低到高,先成品后原石,应该是无数人走过的成功之路,值得初入门者借鉴。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncgeQcIwICUE8AhT6B8ApYe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、首饰类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkAugkYIkESE68z9mu1IMVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首饰类翡翠爱好者众多,初入门者可作为收藏投资的首选。因为首饰类玉器易于保藏,容易出手,回报率高,同时件小质优,没有赌性,风险最小,初具翡翠鉴赏常识和经验的人即可涉猎,又因为价格灵活,投资者可在数千元、数万元、数十万元至上百万元之间,根据自己经济实力自主选择,适合各种类型的投资者入门。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6KqoYGiaGkAIutB5cINtgb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首饰类包括翡翠戒指、手镯、耳环、项链、胸花、各种挂件与花件。1985年有人在云南德宏州买一对高档翠绿翡翠手镯,大约要0.6万元~0.8万元;而在1995年香港拍卖会上同品质的手镯,最后成交价高达1200万港币。1997年11月,一条由28粒优质翠绿翡翠串成的珠链,在香港的拍卖价为7262万港币。据说这条精美翠链的原主人数年前购入时仅花数百万元。由此可见,投资高档翡翠首饰确实存在巨大的升值空间。但因投资失误导致血本无归的事例也不少。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncSc4eiAGsUAgkDSwh31Lzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、雕件类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc0QsaiwOuCQauyZiBV89Xc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏投资此类翡翠雕件,同样具有风险性。雕件类翡翠有单色和多色(俏色、巧色)两大类,因玉料件大(与首饰类相比)、设计巧妙、做工精细、造型灵巧、寓意吉祥而广受欢迎,成为投资收藏者青睐的重点。但精美的雕件类翡翠相对投入较大,周转时间也长一些。收藏投资者不光要有独到的眼光,更要具备耐心和毅力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuY6IECgk4EimAxtMY37gtf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":691,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的类型","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e836a721492043bdba4c9242f1eaf25d","width":840},"text":"","id":"doxcniq2yQ6CuqYMAEPi4yckx4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、原石类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoUqGIi08o4g4Mh6u4aiKKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选购翡翠原石又称“赌石”,这是一项充满神奇和刺激的商贸交易活动。它是收藏投资者具备丰富的知识、经验、人脉、资金、勇气之后,才能涉猎的高级投资行为。它所以称为“赌石”,是因为有赌的成分在内。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncUSYSOGOsYoSEd65ydxRGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一块貌不惊人的翡翠原石往往要投入数十万或数百万元才能购得,这块“赌石”如果是优质满绿,购买者可能会一夜之间变成腰缠万贯的富翁;如果是一块劣质翡翠,眨眼间就会变成穷困潦倒的贫汉。因此,投资翡翠原石必须要有丰富的实践经验、深厚的宝玉石鉴赏知识和雄厚的经济实力。但是,有些人往往被暴富的光环所迷惑,他们靠东借西贷去“赌石”,其结果是胜者极少,败者如群蛾扑灯,蹈火者众,留下无数沉痛的教训。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng40uUYEoykMeUJrFbQkuoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"总之,投资翡翠时要谨慎理性,循序渐进。投资之前一定要博采众议,剑胆琴心,三思而后行,决不能有一下子抱个金娃娃的非分之想。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyEaC62uWueY2UlMSH3l5cg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsY0QAA2GS0oE8LXjQDkoed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、购买翡翠应具备的常识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKwcKm88EqQo4WAFPP1G86e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第一,不要轻信售玉人的花言巧语。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"有些玉商为了掩饰其文化水平低下或基础知识匮乏,往往摆出一副内行的架势,比如对翡翠成因、产地、性质、个别染色皮的判别等侃侃而谈。由于一些玉器知识、指标目前国际上尚无成熟的标准,他们敢在顾客面前说教,首先能占领心理优势,然后以“不挣钱”为诱饵,从而实现其获取高额利润的目的。顾客要有自信心,不要被玉商唬住。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8UKqsO8uEIMGoHJvgCTq7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第二,不要购买没有经过鉴定的翡翠。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"各地质检部门强制标准明文规定,所有作为商品销售的翡翠饰品,均需配有法定鉴定机构出具的鉴定证书或小牌等检测标识。在检测机构受理的被骗案例中,90%以上都没有相应的鉴定材料。因此购买翡翠时,要看一看该翡翠是否经过法定检测机构鉴定,是否出具了相应的鉴定证书或小牌,不要听信忽悠,以免上当受骗。或者可在购买翡翠之前与玉店老板协商,征得同意后,先将翡翠饰品送到法定检测机构鉴定,尔后再做交易。购买翡翠时,如果对翡翠饰品鉴定证书有不清楚之处,可拨打证书下方电话咨询,以确定真伪。但一些地方的个别检测机构不负责任,玉商出钱就出证书。所以除信鉴定证书外,还要到正规商家处买货,以加大保险系数。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniyGS2Qe2yiQ0I7pzkbk7yg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":704,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的注意事项","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ead498ced88b416ca1ff28b383fcd4f6","width":569},"text":"","id":"doxcnCCcmc4SQacmmcP0D1bt6be"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第三,购买翡翠时向老板索要正规发票。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"如无发票,可索要售玉人收款的收据,注意请其加盖印章或老板签名。这样如有争议,可以作为“讨回公道”的有利证据。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUqQsAA40cuuiSyNf3iwHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第四,要买的翡翠一定要事先看仔细。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"看不清楚可拿到店门外的阳光下反复看,或用10倍放大镜仔细看。玉器的一些毛病、不足常会被商人用各种方法加以掩饰。这些毛病(如残缺、修复、黏合、绺裂等)在店内的白炽灯、日光灯下不一定能看清楚。粗心大意,交了钱才发现就会出现麻烦,甚至要吃大亏,那就后悔莫及。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8SWOGG88gcq8IkLbK2LicQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第五,尽量少在旅游景点或流动摊点上购买翡翠。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在旅游景点或流动摊点上购买玉器,一是容易买假货,而且不易挽回损失,二是要多花不少冤枉钱。一些旅游景点上的商店给导游回扣,这部分钱当然是羊毛出在羊身上。据说一些旅游商店和旅行社的导游联手,事先掌握来团的籍贯,商店老板就会冒充同乡忽悠游客,使人沉醉于乡情而不知不觉上当。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW2wkw6aycIIQURb58PV5dc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、购买翡翠应具备的技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOcesII6w8soOgvORb5L5pb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般玉器交易,既无明码标价,又无统一价格。多数玉商对内行人客气,对外行人则漫天要价。不知就里者常多掏冤枉钱,或掏大钱买假货。因此,从事玉器交易,必须掌握一些基本技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6IQ2M2GI6uw2e0ymS1KS9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第一,看中某件东西不要急于买下,要沉得住气。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"可以随意先问其他货品的价位,使卖家误认为你对要买的货无兴趣。然后突然顺口问到相中货的货价,使玉商猝不及防,仓促间报出较实的价位。顾客就能以实价买到理想的玉件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOiAmCgGqcUuMoJNadP3wGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第二,看到好的东西要稳住情绪,不动声色。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"喜欢的东西一定不能当面说喜欢,应该反复查看玉器,尽量装作找毛病(不足)。甚至要挑出毛病(不足),把它贬低一通,否则价钱难以压下去。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK2aSqeWECoyMOISERXGMeb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第三,学会讨价还价,设法把价钱压到最低。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"玉器店、旅游区、地摊上的报价都有较大甚至很大的水分,若还价高了就很被动。有人戏称“对半带拐弯”还价,即卖家报1000元,还到400元~500元成交,即比较理想。但有些地方的玉商喊价可以高出成交价五倍、十倍甚至更高。所以还价必须事先了解行情,讲究技巧,不能机械套用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna2iwwK8euAycoxUXrONNbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第四,不要不懂装懂,乱吹一气,也不要盲目问些幼稚的话。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"这样商家一听即知道是外行,很容易把买玉人当做“菜牛”宰客。有时真不懂,反而不说或少说更好。要入翡翠这一行,应勤学好问,多看少买,了解掌握一些翡翠的基本常识。这样在寻玉、鉴玉的过程中,不知不觉中流露出自己并非很外行,商家便不敢胡乱吹嘘、漫天要价了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA8cu0cyMqciCecCEx9cPah"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":674,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的注意事项","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce47416c9b4441049bc02bbb0fdd224b","width":673},"text":"","id":"doxcnkgWSw8CUiKISq6fXhcC8Ce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、购买翡翠应注意的事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn80yWIWUySuUgAjEeqMMSTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一,不要一味参照书本上或文物店的玉器图形,与自己在市场上见到的玉器对号入座,难免错将仿品当真品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEw2I0ikMmKa48HJZxin6qe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二,不要买东西认贱不认贵。不知在玉器收藏中精品最具收藏价值和升值潜力,以致买回一大堆玉器垃圾而浑然不知,还陶然自乐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAo8ogeCUeOue6mbjE66tSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三,不要稍通一点玉器知识即自以为是,趾高气扬地到玉器地摊、市场去捡漏子。狡猾的玉商最欢迎这种人,常常顺其口风溜须拍马,使收藏者掏了高价,买了假货和劣品还自以为是。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniUSYkusMaqU0iQhunvmhrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四,不要盲目相信玉品上的款识和铭文,而不知在玉器、古玩、字画上落假款乃是作伪者最常用的伎俩。常见到有人在亲朋好友面前炫耀某大师的作品。殊不知一个玉石雕刻大师一年四季不休息,能亲手做出几件精品?这些玉器多为大师的徒弟或徒孙们的手艺,甚至根本就是高仿冒充大师的作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGekcC2gqasSUoT7Vpp0lde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五,不要片面理解拍卖图录,不知图录上的标价有伸缩性,玉器美观程度与实物也有差异。图录上的玉器多经过摄影师或后期制作美润,使其更加漂亮。按图索骥到市场找玉器,对照标价掏钱买玉器,其结果可想而知。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYOSWYsmCCQCOLkTQIvBtAV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第六,不要错以为农民家藏的旧玉都绝对可靠,而不知道有些貌似忠厚的农民实则以贩假为生,拿有瑕疵的翡翠玉料染色作皮冒充原石A货,甚至冒充明、清、民国的旧玉以售其奸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSyAIMgMwKQaMYPIxsrgyxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以上这些,可以给收藏、投资翡翠者提供借鉴,吸取他人的教训,少走或不走弯路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmmAQgoYgU08yqUzHyA9nUh"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3ECopyright 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